Jimmy Carter and Theology of the Body

The class was on a book by Pope John Paul II called Theology of the Body. It was all very interesting, but you don't come to my blog to read theology. But in this paper I took a real chance - instead of writing a paper reacting to the theological issues raised in the paper, I instead took a look about how the press responded to the Pope writing about (of all things!) sex and morality. The paper is serious enough to get a good grade, but it's written in my usual style. I hope you like it.

Pope John Paul II and Lust:

Media Reaction to

Theology of the Body

Introduction

If you were suddenly whisked back in time to 1979, you would find yourself in a world you might barely recognize. Times Square was not the jewel of New York City that it is today, rather it was “the geographic and spiritual center of the mossy, briny, sepia and piss-colored arcade of faded, flaking and for-sale sin that was Times Square in the late 1970s.”[1] Some corporations were beginning to use the new technology of word processors, but few people had personal computers. The World Wide Web didn’t even exist. People got their news from newspapers, magazines, and nightly television programs, not from websites or social media.

Sex and lust just weren’t discussed in polite society, at least not in the United States. Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter had proved that three years earlier when, in an interview for Playboy magazine, he said:

“I try not to commit a deliberate sin. I recognize that I’m going to do it anyhow, because I’m human and I’m tempted. And Christ set some almost impossible standards for us. Christ said, ‘I tell you that anyone who looks on a woman with lust has in his heart already committed adultery.’ I’ve looked on a lot of women with lust. I’ve committed adultery in my heart many times. This is something that God recognizes I will do—and I have done it—and God forgives me for it.”[2]

Even before the issue hit the stands, reaction was swift and largely negative:

“Marge Thurmond, chairman of the state Democratic Party, described the public's reaction as ‘bad, bad, bad.’ ‘I've been everywhere today, and the reaction is uniformly negative,’ said Mrs. Thurmond. ‘I've heard it until I'm up to my ears in it.’”[3]

“Sen. Ernest Hollings, D-S.C., said, ‘I don't think the deepest, most intimate thoughts in a fellow's heart -- that ought not to be a part of a person's campaign. Let's hope that when he becomes president, he quits talking about adultery.’”[4]

In 1989, The Washington Post, bringing up the Carter interview in connection with a story about President Clinton, called Carter’s “strange revelations all the more damaging because they appeared in a soft-porn magazine”[5]

Three years after that interview, Pope John Paul II began the series of his Wednesday Audiences which were to become known as Theology of the Body. At first, the American press took little notice of the Wednesday Audiences, reporting instead on Papal visits and visitors. That is, until the Pope’s Audience of October 8, 1980, when he discussed concupiscence and marriage.

If the press thought Carter’s discussing lust “in a soft-porn magazine” was damaging, how would they respond to the Pope discussing it from the Vatican?

Part 1: Judy Mann

Judy Mann was a respected columnist for The Washington Post, which published her article “A Lesson on Lust for the Vatican,” her response to Pope John Paul II’s Wednesday Audience of October 8, 1980. It might be more accurate to say her response to the UPI and AP reports of that audience, as she implies she read nothing further.

Mann’s article first explains that for the past year, Pope John Paul II had been delivering “sermons on the virtues of marriage and family life.”[6] She wrote:

“Some of his statements were viewed as a trifle conservative by some American Catholics, but there was nothing particularly shocking about them. But this past Wednesday, he broke new ground. “This time he came out against lust.”[7]

She goes on to quote the Associated Press story as saying

“Concupiscence (it means lust; I looked it up) .... diminishes the richness of the perennial attraction of persons for interpersonal communion. Through such a reduction, the other person becomes the mere object for satisfying a sexual need.”[8]

She does not clarify that this quote, other than the parenthetical phrase, is directly from the Pope; I suspect because she had only read the wire reports and did not know that herself.

Mann goes on to reference Carter as if he were the proper spokesman for current sexual attitude:

“Jimmy Carter, rogue that his is, made lust respectable in the famous Playboy interview. In fact, Jimmy Carter and his wife, by all accounts, have just the kind of marriage that the pope seems to have in mind for his flock. The pope might want to call them up and discuss this business before he gets too insistent on giving lust a bad name.

“Jimmy Carter, at least, certainly seems to have had lust in focus. He understood something about marriage that the pope might want to bear in mind: If a man has lust in his heart for his wife, chances are he won't have adultery on his mind for somebody else.”[9]

Mann, whether through her own negligence or that of the Associated Press, missed the meaning of concupiscence, which, like many words, has multiple meanings and nuances. Concupiscence is not the normal desire of a man for his wife. It is better defined as “a corrupt form of desire that unduly appropriates something as a mere object for use, often for the sake of pleasure.”[10] Both Mann (and Buchwald, as we will see) interpret concupiscence simply as lust, to the detriment of their own, and their readers’, understanding.

By equating lust with desire, and neglecting to consider that the word concupiscence might mean more than just normal desire, Mann positions the Pope’s teachings as both conservative and shocking. Mann, however, was not unbiased. Her columns “were unapologetically liberal and feminist in outlook.”[11] She had spent her childhood in Paris with her family – her father was a Marshall Plan official – and returned to the United States for high school. She later attended Barnard College, one of the famous “Seven Sisters” schools, an Ivy League school affiliated with Columbia University. She left Barnard before graduation to “organize protests of the Vietnam War and rent strikes in New York.”[12]

Mann’s background made her a poor choice for definitive reporting on the issue. Mann’s breezy writing style belies her background as a reporter and former city editor for the Washington Post. In her column, she wrote about “women, children and the politics of the women’s movement.”[13] She considered herself to be “unapologetically liberal and feminist in outlook” and a woman who wrote serious commentary.[14] That liberal, feminist background, and her apparent use of only the wire service reports as research for her story, show a bias, whether intentional or not, in her piece regarding the Pope’s teachings.

Part 2: Art Buchwald

Art Buchwald’s syndicated column was carried by Washington Post. Buchwald, known as a humorist, focused on political satire and commentary. You would not turn to Buchwald for hard-hitting reporting, but for light-hearted response to issues of the day. Buchwald’s article, published by the Washington Post on October 21, 1980, takes a humorous view of the Pope’s statement, but makes the same error as Mann in confusing concupiscence and lust. He paraphrases Pope John Paul II’s comment as “In other words, if you really want to have a good marriage, lust has to go.”[15] He goes on to say that he himself is not troubled by concupiscence, and “can sit on a beach staring at bikini-clad women for hours, and ponder the effect of aerosol spray on the ozone.”[16] He even tells he wife “we can’t practice concupiscence anymore. It lowers the dignity of our marriage and brings out the worst in us.”[17] He jokingly tells his wife that Pope John Paul II has come between them. He may not deserve kudos for his reporting or understanding of the issue, but, within the confines of the humor that defines his columns, he has made some inroad to explaining the Pope’s words.

Part 3: News Article Reaction to Lust

The U.S. press did not generally report on the Wednesday audiences on a regular basis, but they did report the Pope’s comments on lust in marriage. The UPI report quotes Pope John Paul II’s statement:

“A man is guilty of committing 'adultery in the heart' if he looks at his own wife in a lustful manner ... Adultery in the heart is committed not only because a man looks in a certain way at a woman who is not his wife, but precisely because he is looking at a woman that way ... 'Even if he were to look that way at the woman who is his wife, he would be committing the same adultery in the heart.'[18]

The quote, while accurate, does not give the Pope’s explanation of lust. By not doing so, it lends itself to being misinterpreted. UPI went on to imply that the statement was made in conjunction with “the bishops' synod ... discussing the problems of modern marriage in the Vatican.”[19] They also, oddly, referred to Pope John Paul II as “the Polish pope.”[20] This distinction, made over two years after Pope John Paul II’s election, was unnecessary, of questionable relevance, and appears to be used to diminish his standing and authority.

The Pope’s reference to lust stirred up more stories. UPI reported

“The remark brought no quick reaction in the Italian press, which is accustomed to the idea that the genial but forthright Polish pope has rigidly traditional Roman Catholic views on human sexuality.” [21]

I suppose they wanted to be sure we still knew he was Polish. I can’t explain why they would be surprised that the Pope held traditional Roman Catholic views.

UPI also repeated critical comments published in the Rome newspaper Il Messaggero:

“the pope 'insists on squeezing ever tighter the limits of what is 'lawful' in sexual relations ... it is another chapter in the tormented history of the church's ideas on sexual matters.'”[22]

“women were not 'shocked' by what the pope said, but many of them were 'worried.'”[23]

“'Many women fear that the church is getting back to the position where it considers all physical love that is not directly for the purpose of creation to be sinful.”[24]

“One could discuss what the pope said at length in an attempt to interpret it, but it is the impact that counts. Every day Wojtyla (Pope John Paul) makes his church take another step backward.”[25]

To their credit, they did also report “the view of a churchman, Father Gino Concetti, a well-known Italian theologian,” who told Il Messaggero:

“Adultery in the heart is not a theme unknown to Catholic moralist theologians. It is one of the many internal sins which were denounced by Christ himself. It is not, therefore, an invention of the Church of today. The surprise (in what the pope said) ... is that this sin can be committed by married people who, by virtue of their marriage, have the right to 'traditio corporis' - that is reciprocal donation of their bodies. ... So how can internal adultery (meaning adultery in the heart) be committed between husband and wife? ... It is very simple. By cultivating a 'distorted' form of desire.”[26]

Neither UPI nor Il Messaggero appears to have given credence to Father Concetti’s words. In fact, another UPI dispatch the next day again related the Pope’s comments not to his continuing Wednesday Audiences, but to the Synod. As printed in The New York Times, under a subheading of “Synod Stirs Hostile Comment,” the UPI dispatch states:

“The synod ... has also aroused hostile comments in Italy because of its apparent determination to reinforce traditional Catholic teaching on such issues as birth control, abortion and divorce.”[27]

UPI continued to report on “lust” through the end of October, 1980. The New York Times printed a UPI story datelined “Rome, Oct. 22”, which reported the Pope as stating his lust remark “did not mean that sex was restricted to the act of procreation,”[28] and went on to say the Pope was seeking to “explain his remark, which cause a furor and prompted one Italian newspaper to say that he was ‘confusing eroticism with hedonism’.”[29]

An October 23, 1980 piece is headlined “Pope says comments on lust meant to dignify sexuality.”[30] The article states “The pope's remarks in an address Wednesday .... were interpreted as a rebuttal of press charges that he regarded all sex as sinful.”[31] The implication is clear: the Pope made these additional remarks not because he was continuing a teaching, but solely because of what the press had had to say. They continued in this vein in their October 30, 1980 dispatch, stating:

“Pope John Paul II accused psychoanalysis pioneer Sigmund Freud of condemning man to be a slave of lust and called on Catholics not to be trapped by their sexual desires.”[32]

The use of “accused” in the lead sentence of the article cannot be construed as objective journalism. That same article continues in this vein, using the following non-objective phrases (the italics have been added) in certain sentences:

“The pope has spent his last three weekly audiences explaining his statement Oct. 8 that a man may commit adultery in the heart even with his wife.”[33]

“Two weeks later the pope tried to clarify the passage.”[34]

“In a related development, Vatican sources said the pope has approved secret proposals made by the Fifth World Synod of Bishops on how the church should confront dissent among Catholics on bans against birth control and divorce.”[35]

The Associated Press also continued to report on the issue. The New York Times published an AP dispatch datelined Rome, October 12, 1980, under the headline “Self-Control in Sex Praised by the Pope.” The article states

“the Pope emphasized the religious side of love and marriage after drawing criticism for saying four days ago that a man should not feel excessive sexual desire even for his wife.” [36]

The article concludes with

“Last week the synod’s work was overshadowed by controversy about the Pope’s statement that ‘adultery in your heart is committed not only when you look with concupiscence at a woman who is not your wife, but also if you look in the same manner at your wife.’”[37]

The largely negative press reaction regarding the Pope’s teachings on morality did not abate when the “lust issue” was played out. In late October, 1980, The New York Times reported on the Synod, under a headline “Pope, Ending Synod, Defines Strict Rule for the Remarried;” the subheading states “Asserts Such Divorced Catholics May Receive Communion Only if They Abstain From Sex.” The fuller explanation, unless “they live in a manner which is not opposed to the indissolubility of marriage” is buried in the article, which closes with the sentence “Several prelates from the United States and Canada said they expect reaction from Catholics in their countries to be negative.”[38]

In a review of Pope John Paul II’s 1981 book, Love and Responsibility, Kenneth Briggs, the religion editor of The New York Times, brought a fresh view to the subject, saying

“Pope John Paul II has often spoken about sex and marriage during his nearly three-year reign. The impression left by these utterances, portraying the Pontiff as simply a pillar of traditional Catholic moral theology, does an injustice to the wider scope of his thinking. When he makes public statements, the well-developed conceptual underpinnings for his views unfortunately get left behind.”[39]

....

“When [he] made the comment at a Vatican audience that a man who lusts after his wife commits a sin, ridicule and scorn gushed forth from a variety of ‘liberated’ critics. The essential idea behind his somewhat archaic wording was that exploitation in any form is wrong, a concept that presumably anyone could gladly endorse.”[40]

The New York Times published Andrew M. Greeley’s article, Going Their Own Way, on October 10, 1982. His by-line did not include his clerical title, but he was well-known as an author, columnist, and priest. He states:

“Pope John Paul II seems to think that issuing edicts is an effective governmental style. And while the Pope may be personally popular, few American Catholics are attentive to what he says (in part because the complexity of his thought processes frequently causes him to be misunderstood).”[41]

Greeley goes on to directly address the continuing issue of the role of women in the Church, and makes specific reference to the lust controversy:

“Almost as bad as the priest shortage is the suspicion of many Catholic women under 45 that church leaders are committed to keeping them in narrowly defined gender roles. This suspicion may not be justified - especially in the case of Pope John Paul II, whose obscure but important audience talks when properly understood are far more profeminist than American Catholics realize (thus his harsh words on a man ‘lusting’ after his wife in context meant that men should not treat their wives like sex objects) - but it is strong and dangerous.”[42]

Part 5: Christopher West

The controversy has never really abated. Christopher West, who is well-known for his Theology of the Body talks, has often faced an uphill battle. An ABC Nightline interview in 2009 was touted with the tag line “Sex Sermonist's Heroes: Pope John Paul II and Hugh Hefner,”[43] which West has denied, stating “I never said Hugh Hefner is a hero, never.”[44]

West, though, did not disavow this portion of the interview:

“‘I love Hugh Hefner,’ said West. ‘I really do. Why? Because I think I understand his ache. I think I understand his longing because I feel it myself. There is this yearning, this ache, this longing we all have for love, for union, for intimacy.’

“West said John Paul II took the sexual revolution an extra step, outlining what he called the ‘Theology of the Body’ The pope emphasized how God made Adam and Eve naked and without shame, in his own image. And told them to be fruitful and multiply.

“In other words, according to the pope, from the very beginning, sexual love has been at the heart of God's plan for us.”[45]

Conclusion

The first of Pope John Paul II’s one hundred twenty-nine General Audiences which, together with certain added material, constitute Theology of the Body was given on September 5, 1979, and continued through November 24, 1984. There were two breaks during this time, the first while the Pope recovered from the attempt on his life, and second, while the General Audiences were devoted to reflections on the Holy Year. When he began, he did not announce that he would be dedicating much time to this issue, or that he was introducing a theology of the body. EWTN states:

“In his General Audience of 28 November 1984, the Holy Father concluded his four-year catechesis on Theology of the Body with a summary of his conclusions. His catechesis was divided into two parts: the first was a study of Christ's words on marriage and their implications for the redemption of the body, and the second, an analysis of the sacramentality of marriage as presented in Ephesians 5, with added insights from Humanae Vitae.”[46]

It is impossible to state definitively if the press would have reported differently had they understood that his comment on lust was part of a larger teaching. We cannot directly compare how the press may have covered the Pope rather than an individual like West, particularly given the many differences in the news industry in the intervening thirty years. I believe today’s response would have been quicker, harsher, and emanated from many more pen and keyboards. The information highway may be much faster than it once was, but that has largely come at a cost of editorial control.

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[1] Tim Sommer, "More Than The Deuce: A Recollection Of Times Square In 1979", Observer, 2020, https://observer.com/2017/11/more-than-the-deuce-a-recollection-of-times-square-in-1979/. [2] Robert Scheer. "The 1976 Playboy Interview With Jimmy Carter", Playboy.Com, 1980, https://www.playboy.com/read/playboy-interview-jimmy-carter. [3] Robert Lamb and Fay S. Joyce, "The Time Jimmy Carter Was Interviewed By Playboy About Lust", Atlanta Constitution, 1976, https://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/the-time-jimmy-carter-was-interviewed-playboy-about-lust/qYHZQip6pyQF2rB8kxOk4K/. [4] Lamb [5] Larry J. Sabato, "Jimmy Carter's 'Lust In The Heart" Playboy Interview - 1975", Washington Post, 1998, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/carter.htm. [6] Judy Mann, "A Lesson On Lust For The Vatican", The Washington Post, 1980, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1980/10/10/a-lesson-on-lust-for-the-vatican/3faa2300-34a2-4b34-b816-2ca18bfcfea0/. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Ibid. [10] John Paul and Michael Waldstein, Man And Woman He Created Them (repr., Sebastopol: Pauline Books and Media, 2011), 687. [11] Patricia Sullivan, "Post Columnist Judy Mann Dies", Washingtonpost.Com, 2005, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/07/09/post-columnist-judy-mann-dies/1159429d-6c7b-408d-bb02-6350f773ccaf/. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid. [15] Art Buchwald, "The Lust Judgment", Washingtonpost.Com, 1980, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/10/21/the-lust-judgment/5544021c-5ceb-4cc6-bcfc-7ca2afda9459/. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] "Pope John Paul II Said A Man Is Guilty...", UPI, 1980, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/09/Pope-John-Paul-II-said-a-man-is-guilty/5423339912000/. [19] Ibid. [20] Ibid. [21] "A Comment By Pope John Paul II That A...", UPI, 1980, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/10/A-comment-by-Pope-John-Paul-II-that-a/9256339998400/. [22] Ibid. [23] Ibid. [24] Ibid. [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] "Pope's Comment On Wedded Lust Stirs Italians' Ire; A 'Tormented History' Right Of The Married Synod Stirs Hostile Comment", Timesmachine.Nytimes.Com, 1980, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/10/12/114142037.html?pageNumber=12. [28] Pope Says Sex Need Not Be Restricted To Procreation", Timesmachine.Nytimes.Com, 1980, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/10/23/111302859.html?pageNumber=5. [29] Ibid. [30] Charles Ridley, "Pope Says Comments On Lust Meant To Dignify Sexuality", UPI, 1980, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/23/Pope-says-comments-on-lust-meant-to-dignify-sexuality/5943341121600/. [31] Ibid. [32] Philip Pullella, "Pope John Paul II Accused Psychoanalysis Pioneer Sigmund Freud...", UPI, 1980, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/30/Pope-John-Paul-II-accused-psychoanalysis-pioneer-Sigmund-Freud/8108341730000/. [33] Ibid. [34] Ibid. [35] Ibid. [36] "Self-Control in Sex Praised by the Pope; Pontiff, Offering Mass For Families, Stresses The Religious Side Of Love And Marriage Excessive Sexual Desire", Timesmachine.Nytimes.Com, 1980, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/10/13/111299518.html?pageNumber=5. [37] Ibid. [38] "Pope, Ending Synod, Defines Strict Rule For The Remarried; Asserts Such Divorced Catholics May Receive Communion Only If They Abstain From Sex 216 Bishops In Attendance No New Study Expected Pontiff Sets Firm Rule For The Remarried And Divorced", Timesmachine.Nytimes.Com, 1980, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/10/26/114145963.html?pageNumber=1. [39] Kenneth Briggs, "Rejoinder To The Sexual Revolution", Nytimes.Com, 1995, https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/20/books/rejoinder-to-the-sexual-revolution.html?searchResultPosition=24. [40] Ibid. [41] Andrew M, Greeley, "Going Their Own Way”, Nytimes.Com, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/10/magazine/going-their-own-way.html. [42] Ibid. [43] David Wright and Ely Brown, "Sex Sermonist's Heroes: Pope John Paul II And Hugh Hefner", ABC News, 2009, https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Sex/story?id=7527380&page=1. [44] "ABC Interview ‘Sensationalized’ Theology Of The Body, Christopher West Says", Catholic News Agency, 2009, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/abc_interview_sensationalized_theology_of_the_body_christopher_west_says. [45] Wright [46] "EWTN Global Catholic Television Network: Catholic News, TV, Radio | EWTN", EWTN Global Catholic Television Network, accessed 14 June 2020, https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/general-audiences-john-paul-iis-theology-of-the-body-8565.